This review explores one year of original scientific publications exploring the microbiome of infants, children and adolescents between 01/04/2018 and 31/03/2019. 48 studies are reported herein, encompassing children with inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and diabetes, autism spectrum disorder, atopic diseases, cystic fibrosis and problems with the ears, nose and throat. In addition, multiple studies are presented on the topic of early life colonisation and neonatal disease, alongside the development of the microbiome throughout childhood. This manuscript therefore offers a state-of-the-art overview of paediatric microbiome research and offers a succinct synopsis of published studies on the topic.